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Kathleen Whipple and her husband had dreamed of a big family, but struggled to conceive.

Upon his return from an overseas deployment with the Navy, the couple learned from a fertility doctor that her husband’s sperm count was half of what it had been before his most recent tour of duty, which had involved diving daily into water contaminated with heavy metals.

To get pregnant, the couple was told, they would need to undergo in vitro fertilization, a procedure that would cost over $25,000. And because they couldn’t prove that their infertility resulted from the circumstances of her husband’s deployment, they would have to shoulder the entire cost themselves.

“We would like to be able to purchase land and start building a home,” said Ms. Whipple, who is based in San Diego and asked to be referred to by her maiden name out of fear of retribution by the military against her husband. “We don’t have any savings anymore to do that.”

Such cases are the driving force behind an effort in Congress to expand military health coverage to cover...