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Last summer, at my cousin’s baby shower, I sat in a room covered in pink from floor to ceiling. Pink balloons floated lazily in the air, and pink streamers hung from the doorways. Even the cake was pink, coated with a thick layer of raspberry cream frosting. The reason for all the pink? My cousin was excited to have finally learned the sex of her unborn baby; she was excited to have a girl.

Most people consider the sex of their future children to be out of their hands. There is a fifty-fifty chance that you will end up with either sex, and most consider it a fact left up to fate, a surprise that one celebrates no matter the outcome.

Humankind, though, never satisfied to leave anything up to chance, has, for centuries, attempted to influence the sex of their future children. The ancient Greeks believed that if a man had sex while lying on his right side, a boy would be conceived. The Chinese created “conception calendars,” which told couples what dates to have intercourse in order to...