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Critics of human gene patents rejoiced last month when the nation’s highest court ruled that human genes can’t be patented. A company called Myriad Genetics claimed to own genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 whose mutations are associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. But the Supreme Court ruled that no one could own humanity’s genetic code.

Believing that the ruling opened the market for competing breast-cancer tests, several companies introduced BRCA testing products. But this week Myriad, whose gene patents had given it a de facto monopoly on BRCA tests, began suing them. Myriad says that even after its Supreme Court setback, it still has patents covering its competitors’ products.

If these lawsuits succeed, they could transform last month’s Supreme Court ruling into little more than a symbolic gesture. While the claims at issue in Myriad’s new lawsuit do not literally claim human genes, they are broad enough to effectively block anyone else from offering BRCA tests.

The patent claims the Supreme Court invalidated last month were “composition of matter” claims, covering the chemical structure of the BRCA...